Brake squeal usually comes from two different sources: The steel plate and/or the friction material.
In your case
mz651, I bet the absence of shims is the culprit. If the set is supposed to have these and you lose them or leave them off, that’s bad.

What usually happens is the plate vibrates very rapidly and this makes an awful racket.
Of course, if you fail to re-surface your rotors you are more likely to get some minor squeaks and squeal from the pads rubbing against non-uniform surfaces.
I used to work for a subsidiary of a brake company which made Textar, Mintex, Repco, etc ... brake products.
nissanjunkie, you have a lot in your post, let me see if I can sort through it and offer some clarification.
” ... made with tiny chunks of different metals mixed together (the brass is easy to spot in most) which makes a surface that doesn't wear evenly ...”
Not quite. The brass is added to many friction material formulas as a cleansing/scouring agent which safely keeps the rotors clean. It is found in many cheap and pricey pads alike.
”I worked at Performance Friction for a while and they use carbon powder that is really dusty but it makes for a good smooth stopping surface with no squeal.”
Performance Friction were one of the first to offer
carbon fiber disc brake pads which are very good for high performance, heavy-duty applications but these can be murder on rotors. If you want to play, you’ll have to pay.
The little tubes of goo applied to the back of disc plates are a membrane material designed to help take up the space between the back of the plate and the caliper piston(s) and make it more uniform (prevent vibration). This sometimes works, sometimes doesn’t.
Be sure not to get a full-race brake pad for a street machine as they will be very squeaky (hard, abrasive friction material), hard on the rotor and they might not grab properly until you build some heat into them.